The China-Russia partnership is a highly consequential geopolitical alignment driven by a shared goal of countering U.S. hegemony and reshaping the international order into a multipolar system. While not a formal alliance, this relationship is strengthened by Russia's increasing economic reliance on China following Western sanctions, which allows Beijing to leverage its influence. Policymakers should note that while the partnership projects deep solidarity (as seen in high-level summits), it remains complex and limited by mutual mistrust and competing strategic interests. This enduring alignment poses a significant challenge to U.S. interests and requires continued diplomatic vigilance.
Enduring Hostility: The Making of America’s Iran Policy
English Summary
The article argues that U.S. policy toward Iran is rooted in historical trauma, specifically the humiliations of the Iranian Revolution and subsequent geopolitical crises. This history has fostered a deep-seated belief among policymakers that Iran is an 'abnormal state' that can only be managed through coercion, making conventional diplomacy impossible. The author suggests that this enduring hostility, driven by inertia and risk aversion, has prevented the U.S. from pursuing less costly and potentially more effective engagement strategies. Ultimately, the analysis critiques Washington's inability to act rationally in its national interest regarding the region.
中文摘要
本文論述美國對伊朗的政策，其根源植於歷史創傷，特別是伊朗革命帶來的屈辱感以及隨後的地緣政治危機。這種歷史背景培養出政策制定者一種根深蒂固的信念，即伊朗是一個「異常國家」，只能透過強制手段進行管理，使得傳統外交難以實施。作者指出，這種由慣性與風險規避所驅動的持久敵意，阻礙了美國追求成本更低且潛在更有效的接觸策略。最終，本文批判了華盛頓在國家利益層面上，缺乏理性行動的能力。
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