The China-Russia partnership is a highly consequential geopolitical alignment driven by a shared goal of countering U.S. hegemony and reshaping the international order into a multipolar system. While not a formal alliance, this relationship is strengthened by Russia's increasing economic reliance on China following Western sanctions, which allows Beijing to leverage its influence. Policymakers should note that while the partnership projects deep solidarity (as seen in high-level summits), it remains complex and limited by mutual mistrust and competing strategic interests. This enduring alignment poses a significant challenge to U.S. interests and requires continued diplomatic vigilance.
There Are No Good Arguments for a Massive Fed Balance Sheet
English Summary
This CATO Institute analysis argues against the continued expansion of the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet, asserting that the current size is primarily a result of past leadership failures to normalize operations after financial crises. The core argument rejects common justifications, including the claim that costless reserves promote efficiency, citing significant taxpayer losses through forgone Treasury remittances. Furthermore, the article dismisses concerns about market volatility, attributing the 2019 repo episode to regulatory factors rather than a fundamental imbalance in reserves. Finally, the analysis suggests a phased reduction through a congressional mandate ending Interest on Reserves (IOR) as a manageable strategy, emphasizing that the challenge lies in implementation, not the principle of balance sheet contraction.
中文摘要
本 Cato 研究所的分析認為，應停止聯邦儲備系統（Fed）資產負債表的持續擴張，理由是目前規模主要源於過去領導層未能於金融危機後正常化運作的失誤。該報告駁斥了常見的辯稱，例如無需成本的儲備能促進效率，並引用了因未發放聯邦政府債務而造成的巨大稅收財政損失。此外，該報告還否認了對市場波動的擔憂，認為 2019 年的購回操作（repo）事件源於監管因素而非儲備基礎的失衡。最後，該分析建議透過國會 mandated 的方式進行逐步縮減，即終止儲備利息（IOR），並強調挑戰在於實施，而非縮減資產負債表的原則。
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